Yuri Borisovich Rumer (Russian: Юрий Борисович Румер) was a Soviet theoretical physicist, who mostly worked in the fields of quantum mechanics and quantum optics.

Please note other spellings of his name: Juri Rumer, Yury Rumer, Yuriy Rumer and I︠U︡riĭ Rumer, as well as Georg Rumer, the "western" version of his name.

Rumer graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow State University in 1924. In 1927 he abandoned this topic in favor of theoretical physics, and moved to Göttingen. During an internship at the University of Göttingen he worked as an assistant of Max Born. He collaborated with Walter Heitler and published several theoretical works on the structure of molecules.

Rumer returned to Moscow in May 1932, as persecution of Jews in Germany became a real threat to him and his wife. He became an associate professor at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University (MSU) and assumed a professor position in January 1933. He was recommended for this position by Erwin Schrödinger and Leonid Mandelstam. At MSU Rumer supervised several notable scientists, including Mikhail Volkenshtein. He lectured at MSU from 1932 to 1937 and worked as a scientist at the Lebedev Physical Institute from 1935 to 1938.